Page Text: The Facts
Criminal Justice Facts
Our criminal justice system today is like a bicycle stuck in one gear: the prison gear.
View and compare key state criminal justice data
The Sentencing Project compiles state-level criminal justice data from a variety of sources. Using our website's state-by-state data feature, you can navigate between interactive maps, tables, and rankings that allow you to access and use these data.
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The United States is the world’s leader in incarceration.
There are 2 million people in the nation’s prisons and jails—a 500% increase over the last 40 years. Changes in sentencing law and policy, not changes in crime rates, explain most of this increase. These trends have resulted in prison overcrowding and fiscal burdens on states to accommodate a rapidly expanding penal system, despite increasing evidence that large-scale incarceration is not an effective means of achieving public safety.
International Rates of Incarceration per 100,000
Data source: Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research. Download chart
U.S. State and Federal Prison Population, 1925-2019
Data source: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Download chart
How did this happen?
We started sending more people to prison.
Sentencing policies of the War on Drugs era resulted in dramatic growth in incarceration for drug offenses. Since its official beginning in the 1980s, the number of Americans incarcerated for drug offenses has skyrocketed from 40,900 in 1980 to 430,926 in 2019. Furthermore, harsh sentencing laws such as mandatory minimums keep many people convicted of drug offenses in prison for longer periods of time: in 1986, people released after serving time for a federal drug offense had spent an average of 22 months in prison. By 2004, people convicted on federal drug offenses were expected to serve almost three times that length: 62 months in prison.
At the federal level, people incarcerated on a drug conviction make up nearly half the prison population. At the state level, the number of people in prison for drug offenses has increased nine-fold since 1980, although it has begun declining in recent years. Most are not high-level actors in the drug trade, and most have no prior criminal record for a violent offense.
People in Prisons & Jails for Drug Offenses, 1980 & 2019
Data source: Bureau of Justice Statistics; The Sentencing Project. Download chart
We started sending people to prison for much longer terms.
Number of People Serving Life Sentences, 1984-2020
Data source: The Sentencing Project. Download chart
The number of people serving life sentences endures even while serious, violent crime has been declining for the past 20 years and little public safety benefit has been demonstrated to correlate with increasingly lengthy sentences. This population has nearly quintupled since 1984. One in seven people in prison are serving life with parole, life without parole, or virtual life (50 years or more).
Mass incarceration has not touched all communities equally
The racial impact of mass incarceration
Black men are six times as likely to be incarcerated as white men and Latinos are 2.5 times as likely. For Black men in their thirties, about 1 in every 12 is in prison or jail on any given day.
Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment for U.S. Residents Born in 2001
This estimate is based on data from 2001. Data source: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Download infographic
Mass incarceration and public safety
Incarceration has some impact on crime, but the impact is one of diminishing returns.
Crime rates have declined substantially since the early 1990s, but studies suggest that rising imprisonment has not played a major role in this trend. The National Research Council concluded that while prison growth was a factor in reducing crime, “the magnitude of the crime reduction remains highly uncertain and the evidence suggests it was unlikely to have been large.” Several factors explain why this impact was relatively modest.
First, incarceration is particularly ineffective at reducing certain kinds of crimes: in particular, youth crimes, many of which are committed in groups, and drug crimes. When people get locked up for these offenses, they are easily replaced on the streets by others seeking an income or struggling with addiction.
Second, people tend to “age out” of crime. Research shows that crime starts to peak in the mid- to late- teenage years and begins to decline when individuals are in their mid-20s. After that, crime drops sharply as adults reach their 30s and 40s. The National Research Council study concludes:
“Because recidivism rates decline markedly with age, lengthy prison sentences, unless they specifically target very high-rate or extremely dangerous offenders, are an inefficient approach to preventing crime by incapacitation.”
As a result, the excessive sentencing practices in the U.S. are largely counterproductive and extremely costly.
State Expenditures on Corrections in Billions, 1985-2019
Data source: National Association of State Budget Officers. Download chart
Significant reforms in recent years
After nearly 40 years of continued growth, the U.S. prison population has stabilized in recent years.
This is partially a result of declining crime rates, but has largely been achieved through pragmatic changes in policy and practice. For more than a decade, the political climate of criminal justice reform has been evolving toward evidence-based, commonsense approaches to public safety. This can be seen in a variety of legislative, judicial, and policy changes that have successfully decreased incarceration without adverse impacts on public safety.
At the state level:
California voters passed ballot measure Proposition 47 in 2014, which reclassified certain low-level property and drug crimes from felonies to misdemeanors, and will reinvest some of the fiscal savings into prevention programs
New York policymakers reformed the Rockefeller drug laws in 2009, which imposed harsh mandatory minimum sentences for low-level drug offenses
At the federal level:
In 2014, the United States Sentencing Commission unanimously voted to reduce excessive sentences for up to 46,000 people currently serving time for federal drug offenses
Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act in 2010, which reduced the disparity in sentencing between crack and powder cocaine offenses
As promising as these changes may be, we are a long way from solving our national problem of mass incarceration—and the way forward is clear.
Where do we need to go from here?
Just as a bicycle works best when it uses different gears based on the terrain, we need a justice system that has different responses for different situations—shifting gears to treatment, prevention, and long-term public safety solutions as appropriate. By taking a practical approach to criminal justice reform, we can decrease crime, enhance public safety, and make more responsible use of our resources.
In particular, we need to start by:
Eliminating mandatory minimum sentences and cutting back on excessively lengthy sentences; for example, by imposing a 20-year maximum on prison terms.
Shifting resources to community-based prevention and treatment for substance abuse.
Investing in interventions to that promote strong youth development and respond to delinquency in age-appropriate and evidence-based ways.
Examining and addressing the policies and practices, conscious or not, that contribute to racial inequity at every stage of the justice system.
Removing barriers that make it harder for individuals with criminal records to turn their lives around.
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